Premise
The following indications are for information purposes EXCLUSIVELY and are not intended to replace the opinion of professional figures such as doctor, nutritionist or dietician, whose intervention is necessary for the prescription and composition of CUSTOMIZED food therapies.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that affects glucose metabolism; if left untreated, this form of diabetes also affects the state of health, lowering the quality and life expectancy of the patient.
In Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 glucose, once absorbed from the intestinal tract and poured back into the circulatory stream - due to an alteration of the hormonal vehicle (insulin) or to a malfunction of the peripheral tyrosine kinase receptors that do not capture it sufficiently effective - remains in circulation causing a series of negative metabolic reactions ( NB . The nervous tissue is the only insulin-independent).
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a disorder that includes many facets, but what unites ALL clinical pictures is a situation of hyperglycaemia (> 110 mg / dl), possibly accompanied by hyper-insulin and hyperlipidemia (VLDL - hypertriglyceridemia); obviously, this often causes overweight, aggravation of hypertension, glycation of plasma proteins, pro-oxidation of APO-proteins B and consequent REDUCTION of the ability to bind to peripheral receptors (LDL hypercholesterolemia), increased risk of atherosclerosis, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and diabetic foot.
Causes and treatment
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has several etiological causes; the most common ones concern lifestyle: incorrect diet and abuse of carbohydrates, excess fat mass, lack of muscle mass, sedentariness; others are genetic, such as the structural alteration of insulin or peripheral receptors. Certainly, whatever the causes, the most effective therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus consists of:
- Overweight / obesity reduction
- Reduction of excess carbohydrates and restoration of nutritional balance
- Motor therapy
- Pharmacological therapy
- Compensation for other dysmetabolisms.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diet
The Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus diet is almost always made up of a low-calorie (for weight loss) regimen and, if not hypoglucidic, which provides the least amount of possible PUR carbohydrates while maintaining a certain nutritional balance; the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diet CANNOT be removed from the start of motor therapy.
The basic principles of the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus diet are:
- Hypocaloricity (if necessary)
- Reduction of overall glycemic load
- Reduction of the glycemic load of meals
- Reduction of the glycemic index of meals
- A supply of simple carbohydrates exclusively represented by the fructose naturally present in vegetables or by the lactose naturally present in milk and dairy products (possibly, simple CHOs must remain around 10-12% of total calories).
Which from a practical point of view translates into:
- Choice of foods rich in fiber and drastic elimination / reduction of refined foods
- Abolition of sweets, sweet carbonated drinks, fruit juices, beer and baked goods
- Reduction of too sweet fruit and elimination of preserved fruit (candied, syruped, jams (questionable), dehydrated etc.)
- Increase as much as possible of foods containing antioxidants (vegetables, NOT too sugary fruit).
Useful supplements
There are no essential supplements to the treatment / diet for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (the drugs are NOT supplements); however, it is obvious that a well thought-out supplement based on antioxidants (to try to improve the oxidative stress on lipoproteins) and, in the case of a highly hypocaloric diet, a fiber supplement (possibly viscous that improves the glycemic index of the meal and increase the sense of satiety) could be useful in improving the impact of nutritional treatment.
Diet example
- Retired lady who manages to take long walks. It takes hypoglycemic drugs.
Sex | F | |||
Age | 77 | |||
Stature cm | 155 | |||
Wrist circumference cm | 15.5 | |||
Constitution | Normal | |||
Stature / wrist | 10.0 | |||
Morphological type | normolineo | |||
Weight kg | 68 | |||
Body mass index | 28.3 | |||
Rating | Overweight | |||
Desirable physiological body mass index | 21.7 | |||
Desirable physiological weight kg | 52.1 | |||
Basal kcal metabolism | 1134.6 | |||
Coefficient of physical activity level | SI aus 1, 56 | |||
Kcal energy expenditure | 1769.9 | |||
Diet | IPO CALORICA -30% | 1240 Kcal approx | ||
Lipids | 30% | 372kcal | 41, 3g | |
Protein | 1.2g / kg * physiol. Weight | 250, 1kcal | 62, 5g | |
Carbohydrates | 50.0% | 617, 9kcal | 164, 8g | |
Breakfast | 15% | 186kcal | ||
Snack | 10% | 124kcal | ||
Lunch | 35% | 434kcal | ||
Snack | 10% | 124kcal | ||
Dinner | 30% | 372kcal |
NB. The example diet that follows is referred to a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus already pharmacologically compensated; therefore, the use of pasta and bread is allowed; however, even if the blood sugar were higher, it would not be possible to excessively distort the nutritional balance of the diet in favor of fats (which would limit weight loss) and / or proteins (which could excessively fatigue the liver and kidneys of a third person age).
Diabetes Type 2 Diet Example - DAY 1
Breakfast, about 15% kcal TOT | |||
Milk with reduced fat content, 2% of the total | 150ml, 75.0kcal | ||
Whole wheat bread, RAFFERMO | 50g, 121.5kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
strawberries | 150g, 48.0kcal | ||
Lunch, about 35% kcal TOT | |||
Pasta with tomato sauce | |||
Integral semolina pasta | 80g, 259.2kcal | ||
Tomato sauce | 100g, 24.0kcal | ||
Parmigiano | 10g, 39.2kcal | ||
Lettuce | 100g, 18.0kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
Red sour cherries | 100g, 50.0kcal | ||
Dinner, about 30% kcal TOT | |||
Grilled chicken breast | |||
Chicken breast | 100g, 110.0kcal | ||
Eggplant | 200g, 48.0kcal | ||
Whole grain bread | 25g, 60.8kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal |
Example diet for Diabetes Type 2 - DAY 2
Breakfast, about 15% kcal TOT | |||
Milk with reduced fat content, 2% of the total | 150ml, 75.0kcal | ||
Whole wheat bread, RAFFERMO | 50g, 121.5kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ orange | 200g, 63.0kcal | ||
Lunch, about 35% kcal TOT | |||
Beans stewed | |||
Dried beans | 80g, 279.9kcal | ||
Parmigiano | 10g, 39.2kcal | ||
Radicchio | 100g, 24.0kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ orange | 200g, 63.0kcal | ||
Dinner, about 30% kcal TOT | |||
Trout fillet | |||
Trout, various species | 100g, 148.0kcal | ||
Fennel | 200g, 62.0kcal | ||
Whole grain bread | 25g, 60.8kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 10g, 90.0kcal |
Example diet for Diabetes Type 2 - DAY 3
Breakfast, about 15% kcal TOT | |||
Milk with reduced fat content, 2% of the total | 150ml, 75.0kcal | ||
Whole wheat bread, RAFFERMO | 50g, 121.5kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ apple, with peel | 200g, 52.0kcal | ||
Lunch, about 35% kcal TOT | |||
White rice | |||
Brown rice | 80g, 289.6kcal | ||
Parmigiano | 10g, 39.2kcal | ||
Rocket salad | 100g, 25.0kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ apple, with peel | 200g, 52.0kcal | ||
Dinner, about 30% kcal TOT | |||
Hard-boiled eggs | |||
Chicken grapes | 100g, 143.0kcal | ||
Potato | 100g, 85.0kcal | ||
Whole grain bread | 25g, 60.8kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 5g, 45.0kcal |
Diabetes Type 2 diet example - DAY 4
Breakfast, about 15% kcal TOT | |||
Milk with reduced fat content, 2% of the total | 150ml, 75.0kcal | ||
Whole wheat bread, RAFFERMO | 50g, 121.5kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
Kiwi | 100g, 61.0kcal | ||
Lunch, about 35% kcal TOT | |||
Chickpeas in broth | |||
Chickpeas, dried | 90g, 300.6kcal | ||
Parmigiano | 10g, 39.2kcal | ||
Valerian | 100g, 18.0kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
Kiwi | 100g, 61.0kcal | ||
Dinner, about 30% kcal TOT | |||
Cod fillet in pan | |||
Atlantic cod fillet | 100g, 82.0kcal | ||
Chard | 200g, 38.0kcal | ||
Whole grain bread | 25g, 60.8kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal |
Diabetes Type 2 diet example - DAY 5
Breakfast, about 15% kcal TOT | |||
Milk with reduced fat content, 2% of the total | 150ml, 75.0kcal | ||
Whole wheat bread, RAFFERMO | 50g, 121.5kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
strawberries | 150g, 48.0kcal | ||
Lunch, about 35% kcal TOT | |||
Pasta with eggplant | |||
Integral semolina pasta | 80g, 259.2kcal | ||
Eggplant | 100g, 24.0kcal | ||
Parmigiano | 10g, 39.2kcal | ||
Lettuce | 100g, 18.0kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
Red sour cherries | 100g, 50.0kcal | ||
Dinner, about 30% kcal TOT | |||
Turkey breast | |||
Chicken breast | 100g, 111.0kcal | ||
Zucchini | 200g, 36, 0kcal | ||
Whole grain bread | 25g, 60.8kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal |
Example of Type 2 Diabetes Diet - DAY 6
Breakfast, about 15% kcal TOT | |||
Milk with reduced fat content, 2% of the total | 150ml, 75.0kcal | ||
Whole wheat bread, RAFFERMO | 50g, 121.5kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ orange | 200g, 63.0kcal | ||
Lunch, about 35% kcal TOT | |||
Beans stewed | |||
Dried beans | 80g, 279.9kcal | ||
Parmigiano | 10g, 39.2kcal | ||
Radicchio | 100g, 24.0kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ orange | 200g, 63.0kcal | ||
Dinner, about 30% kcal TOT | |||
Trout fillet | |||
Trout, various species | 100g, 97.0kcal | ||
Fennel | 200g, 62.0kcal | ||
Whole grain bread | 25g, 60.8kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal |
Example of Type 2 Diabetes Diet - DAY 7
Breakfast, about 15% kcal TOT | |||
Milk with reduced fat content, 2% of the total | 150ml, 75.0kcal | ||
Whole wheat bread, RAFFERMO | 50g, 121.5kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ apple, with peel | 200g, 52.0kcal | ||
Lunch, about 35% kcal TOT | |||
White rice | |||
Brown rice | 80g, 289.6kcal | ||
Parmigiano | 10g, 39.2kcal | ||
Rocket salad | 100g, 25.0kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 15g, 135.0kcal | ||
Snack, about 10% kcal TOT | |||
Light yogurt | 125g, 70.0kcal | ||
½ apple, with peel | 200g, 52.0kcal | ||
Dinner, about 30% kcal TOT | |||
Ricotta cheese | |||
Cow ricotta, from semi-skimmed milk | 100g, 138.0kcal | ||
Endive | 200g, 36, 0kcal | ||
Whole grain bread | 25g, 60.8kcal | ||
Extra virgin olive oil | 10g, 90.0kcal |