Premise
Hypolipid diet or less fat?
The hypolipid diet is a diet that contains less fat than normal. Any hypolipid diet predisposes to the nutritional deficiency of essential molecules and requires an additional supplement.
Are Fats Important?
Dietary lipids are mainly composed of energy molecules called fatty acids. Only a small part is made up of steroid compounds (cholesterol and phytosterols), vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K) etc.
Some polyunsaturated fatty acids are called "essential" because they must be introduced with the diet. These are the omega 3 and omega 6 groups.
The functions of lipids and liposoluble molecules are many, which is why they MUST NOT be removed from the diet or be lacking.
Applications
The hypolipid diets concern:
- Prevention of biliary lithiasis
- Compensation for cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal)
- Treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
In reality, even for these food therapies the portion of fat is around normal: 25% for adults and 30% for growing subjects.
Only in the most serious cases of congenital biliary insufficiency, called biliary atresia, is it sometimes necessary to further reduce the lipids. Keep in mind that, like excess, the lack of fat in the diet can also be a risk factor for the onset of gallstones.
Certain pathologies of the metabolism (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus etc.) find benefit in the increase of fat rather than in reduction; obviously, only the fraction of "good lipids" is increased.
In the absence of gallbladder or due to biliary insufficiency, digestion can remain so compromised that it requires a dietary supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids (even reaching the normal lipid level).
Features
The aforementioned conditions / pathologies require particular care in the choice of foods, the type of seasonings and portions; on the other hand, lipid reduction is almost never necessary. The requirements are:
- Prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids on saturated or hydrogenated (ratio 2: 1). Unsaturated are typical of good quality oils, while saturates are part of animal fat, dairy products, bifractionated oils and margarines.
- Lower possible concentration of fatty acids in trans conformation, typical of hydrogenated products.
- Satisfactory doses of essential fatty acids: omega 3 and omega 6 must constitute 2.5% of total calories (0.5% of omega-3 and 2.0% of omega-6). Omega 3 are typical of fishery products, algae and some oil seeds (and their oils); omega 6 are more characteristic than oilseeds and their oils.
- Satisfactory amounts of vitamin A (red liver and vegetables), vitamin D (egg yolk and peach products), vitamin E (fruits and oil seeds or their oils) and vitamin K (it is mainly produced by intestinal bacterial flora but yes also found in vegetables).
- The nutritional intake of cholesterol should not exceed 200mg / day (100mg / day less than normal).
- Rich in phytosterols and antioxidants: these are cholesterol-lowering and antioxidants. They are introduced naturally with the ordinary consumption of legumes, fruits and vegetables.
Example
The example that follows is a proper lipid-lowering diet. We have already said that it is not convenient to reduce this percentage; however, certain "abnormal" situations that require a reduction in fat below 25% cannot be ruled out. The post-cholecystectomy diet of a subject particularly affected by biliary insufficiency could fall into this category.
| Sex | F |
| Age | 19 |
| Stature cm | 170 |
| Wrist circumference cm | 14.0 |
| Constitution | Slim |
| Stature / wrist | 12.1 |
| Morphological type | lanky |
| Weight kg | 68 |
| Body mass index | 23.5 |
| Desirable body mass index | 18.5 |
| Desirable physiological weight kg | 53.5 |
| Basal kcal metabolism | 1281.9 |
| Coefficient of physical activity level | Light yes it is 1, 56 |
| Kcal energy expenditure | 1999.8 |
| Diet | normocaloric | 2000kcal | |
| Lipids | 20% | 44, 4g | 400Kcal |
| Protein | 20% * | 100g | 400Kcal |
| Carbohydrates | 60% * | 320g | 1200Kcal |
| Breakfast | 15% | 300kcal | |
| Snack I | 7-8% | 150kcal | |
| Lunch | 35% | 700kcal | |
| Snack II | 7-8% | 150kcal | |
| Dinner | 30% | 600kcal | |
| Snack III | 5% | 100kcal | |
DAY 1
| Breakfast | |||
| Soya milk | 300ml | 1 cup | |
| Puffed rice | 35g | 7 tablespoons | |
| Rusks | 16g | 2 slices | |
| Jam with no added sugar | 20g | 2 heaped teaspoons | |
| Snack I | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Apple, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Lunch | |||
| Pasta with tomato sauce | |||
| Semolina pasta | 90g | ||
| Tomato puree | 100g | ||
| Grain | 5g | 1 teaspoon shaved | |
| Chicken Breast with Plate and Lettuce | |||
| Chicken breast | 100g | ||
| Lettuce | 100g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 1 slice | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 15g | 3 teaspoons | |
| Snack II | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Apple, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Dinner | |||
| Lessi beans | |||
| Dried beans | 40g | ||
| Codfish in Pan with Zucchini | |||
| Cod | 150g | ||
| Zucchini | 300g | ||
| Wheat bread | 75g | 3 slices | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 10g | 2 teaspoons | |
| Snack III | |||
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| DAY 1 nutritional translation | ||
| Nutritional component | Quantity | |
| Power | kcal | |
| Food water | 1479, 1g | |
| Protein | 117, 3g | |
| Total energy lipids | 42, 3g | |
| Saturated fats, total | 9, 48g | |
| Total monounsaturated fatty acids | 23, 38g | |
| Total polyunsaturated fatty acids | 9, 44g | |
| Cholesterol | 147, 5g | |
| Carbohydrates | 305, 5g | |
| Simple sugars, total | 69, 7g | |
| Alcohol, ethanol | 0.0g | |
| fibers | 29, 7g | |
| Sodium | 1605, 8g | |
| Potassium | 4518, 1mg | |
| Football | 725, 4mg | |
| Iron | 15, 9mg | |
| Phosphorus | 1773, 9mg | |
| Zinc | 12, 2mg | |
| Thiamine or vit. B1 | 1, 99mg | |
| Riboflavin or vit. B2 | 3, 10mg | |
| Niacin or vit. B3 or vit. PP | 31, 90mg | |
| Pyridoxine or vit. B6 | 3, 60mg | |
| Folate, total | 306, 4μg | |
| Ascorbic acid or vit. C | 104, 5mg | |
| Vitamin D | 120, 0IU | |
| Retinol equivalent activities or vit. TO | 296, 4RAE | |
| α-tocopherol or vit. IS | 13, 6mg | |
DAY 2
| Breakfast | |||
| Soya milk | 300ml | 1 cup | |
| Corn flakes | 35g | 7 tablespoons | |
| Rusks | 16g | 2 slices | |
| Jam with no added sugar | 20g | 2 heaped teaspoons | |
| Snack I | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Pear, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Lunch | |||
| Zucchini Risotto | |||
| White rice | 90g | ||
| Zucchini | 100g | ||
| Grain | 5g | 1 teaspoon shaved | |
| Turkey Breast on the Plate and Radicchio | |||
| Chicken breast | 100g | ||
| Red radish | 100g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 1 slice | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 15g | 3 teaspoons | |
| Snack II | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Pear, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Dinner | |||
| Ceci Lessi | |||
| Chickpeas, dried | 40g | ||
| Sea Salad and Cherry Tomatoes | |||
| Octopus | 50g | ||
| Sepia | 50g | ||
| Shrimp (shelled) | 30g | ||
| Mussels (shelled) | 30g | ||
| Cherry tomatoes | 300g | ||
| Wheat bread | 75g | 3 slices | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 10g | 2 teaspoons | |
| Snack III | |||
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
DAY 3
Breakfast | |||
| Soya milk | 300ml | 1 cup | |
| Muesli | 35g | 7 tablespoons | |
| Rusks | 16g | 2 slices | |
| Jam with no added sugar | 20g | 2 heaped teaspoons | |
| Snack I | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Kiwi | 150g | 1-2 kiwis | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Lunch | |||
| Spelled Minestrone and Vegetables | |||
| farro | 50g | ||
| Mixed vegetables | 500g | ||
| Grain | 5g | 1 teaspoon shaved | |
| Sea Bream Filet with Piastra and Valerianella | |||
| Sea bream, fillet | 100g | ||
| Corn salad | 100g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 1 slice | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 15g | 3 teaspoons | |
| Snack II | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Kiwi | 150g | 1-2 kiwis | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Dinner | |||
| Lentils Lesse | |||
| Lentils, dried | 40g | ||
| Veal Fillet with Mushrooms | |||
| Veal, fillet | 120g | ||
| Field mushrooms | 300g | ||
| Wheat bread | 75g | 3 slices | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 10g | 2 teaspoons | |
| Snack III | |||
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
DAY 4
Breakfast | |||
| Soya milk | 300ml | 1 cup | |
| Oat flakes | 35g | 7 tablespoons | |
| Rusks | 16g | 2 slices | |
| Jam with no added sugar | 20g | 2 heaped teaspoons | |
| Snack I | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Orange | 150g | 1 orange | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Lunch | |||
| Potato and Pumpkin Cream | |||
| Potatoes | 300g | ||
| pumpkin | 300g | ||
| Grain | 5g | 1 teaspoon shaved | |
| Grilled Sea Bass Fillet and Rocket | |||
| Sea bass, fillet | 100g | ||
| Rocket salad | 100g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 1 slice | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 15g | 3 teaspoons | |
| Snack II | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Orange | 150g | 1 orange | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Dinner | |||
| Pan-fried Liver and Broad Beans | |||
| Bovine liver | 100g | ||
| Broad beans, dried | 70g | (to soften and boil) | |
| Wheat bread | 75g | 3 slices | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 5g | 1 Teaspoon | |
| Snack III | |||
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
DAY 5
Breakfast | |||
| Soya milk | 300ml | 1 cup | |
| Puffed rice | 35g | 7 tablespoons | |
| Rusks | 16g | 2 slices | |
| Jam with no added sugar | 20g | 2 heaped teaspoons | |
| Snack I | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Apple, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Lunch | |||
| Eggplant Pasta | |||
| Semolina pasta | 90g | ||
| Eggplant | 100g | ||
| Grain | 5g | 1 teaspoon shaved | |
| Boiled Egg and Grated Carrots | |||
| Whole chicken egg | 50g | 1 egg without shell | |
| carrots | 200g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 1 slice | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 15g | 3 teaspoons | |
| Snack II | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Apple, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Dinner | |||
| Peas Read | |||
| Peas, buckets | 40g | ||
| Milk Flakes and Belgian Endive | |||
| Light Milk Flakes | 150g | 1 jar | |
| Witloof chicory | 300g | ||
| Wheat bread | 75g | 3 slices | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 10g | 2 teaspoons | |
| Snack III | |||
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
DAY 6
Breakfast | |||
| Soya milk | 300ml | 1 cup | |
| Corn flakes | 35g | 7 tablespoons | |
| Rusks | 16g | 2 slices | |
| Jam with no added sugar | 20g | 2 heaped teaspoons | |
| Snack I | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Pear, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Lunch | |||
| Risotto With Peppers | |||
| White rice | 90g | ||
| peppers | 100g | ||
| Grain | 5g | 1 teaspoon shaved | |
| Bresaola and Asparagus Lessi | |||
| Bresaola | 65g | 6-7 slices | |
| Asparagus | 200g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 1 slice | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 15g | 3 teaspoons | |
| Snack II | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Pear, with peel | 150g | 1 small apple | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Dinner | |||
| Soy Lessa | |||
| Soy, dry | 40g | ||
| Cuttlefish and prawn skewers, with fennel | |||
| Cuttlefish | 80g | ||
| Crayfish | 70g | ||
| Fennel | 300g | ||
| Wheat bread | 75g | 3 slices | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 10g | 2 teaspoons | |
| Snack III | |||
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
DAY 7
Breakfast | |||
| Soya milk | 300ml | 1 cup | |
| Muesli | 35g | 7 tablespoons | |
| Rusks | 16g | 2 slices | |
| Jam with no added sugar | 20g | 2 heaped teaspoons | |
| Snack I | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Kiwi | 150g | 1-2 kiwis | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Lunch | |||
| Barley and Celeriac Soup | |||
| Barley | 50g | ||
| Celeriac | 500g | ||
| Grain | 5g | 1 teaspoon shaved | |
| Mozzarella and radishes | |||
| Mozzarella light | 100g | ||
| radishes | 100g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 1 slice | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 10g | 2 teaspoons | |
| Snack II | |||
| Skim milk yogurt | 120g | 1 jar | |
| Kiwi | 150g | 1-2 kiwis | |
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
| Dinner | |||
| Cicerchie Lesse | |||
| Chicklings, dry | 40g | ||
| Baked Rabbit Thigh with Potatoes | |||
| Rabbit (thigh, with bone) | 200g | ||
| Potatoes | 300g | ||
| Wheat bread | 25g | 3 slices | |
| Extravirgin olive oil | 10g | 2 teaspoons | |
| Snack III | |||
| Rice cakes | 16g | 2 biscuits | |
