Dental plaque

Definition

Dental plaque - also called dental patina, bacterial plaque or oral biofilm - is a sticky and opalescent substance that is deposited on the surfaces of the teeth. Considered the main enemy of the same, the dental plaque takes root above all in the interdental spaces, in the occlusal surfaces, in the irregularities of the enamel or in proximity of the gingiva and the tooth (collar).

How is plaque formed?

The formation of dental plaque is a highly complex process. In broad terms, an aseptic film is initially formed, consisting of hydrophobic substances and macromolecules, such as salivary glycoproteins, which begin to adsorb to the surface. In this first stage the film is amorphous (it does not have a real structure), acellular and organic. Its presence alters the surface charge of the tooth, favoring bacterial adhesion; for this reason, it is rapidly colonized by the numerous germs of the oral bacterial flora (hence the adjective "bacterial"). Among the several hundred species present, the most common microorganisms are streptococci (in particular Streptococcus mutans ), actinobacteria and fusobacteria. Some of these germs have special protein structures, called adhesins and coadesins, which favor mutual aggregation and adhesion to the tooth surface. Bacterial multiplication, with the development of numerous colonies, causes a thickening of the dental plaque, which, enriched with salivary substances and other cellular material of the host, turns into an elaborate matrix. The multiplicity of species from which it is composed and the complexity of its architecture, bring significant benefits to the entire microbial community, which is enriched with anaerobic species. Other microorganisms adapt to the absence of oxygen by converting their metabolism towards anaerobiosis, producing organic acids. Like all acids, these substances irritate and corrode the substances they come into contact with; in response to this chemical insult, the enamel loses its compactness, becoming more brittle and less effective in protecting the underlying layers of the tooth (dentin and pulp). We are talking about tooth decay.

Tartar formation

If the bacterial plaque is not completely removed with a correct oral hygiene, it undergoes a series of mineralization processes that transform it into tartar. The joint action of this very hard deposit and of the bacterial metabolism, predisposes the teeth to the periodontal disease.

How to remove plaque?

The only way to remove bacterial plaque from teeth and gums, before it negatively affects their health, is to patiently and in the right way brush and floss. The use of the toothbrush is particularly recommended after the main meals and in particular after the evening one, since in the hours of rest the plaque bacteria are facilitated in their harmful action. To learn more, consult the articles