Marasma - Causes and Symptoms

Definition

Marasmus is a serious state of malnutrition due to a chronic deficiency of all macronutrients.

This condition can be primary (caused by inadequate dietary intake) or secondary (due to diseases or drugs that interfere with nutrient absorption and / or use).

Worldwide, the primary form occurs mainly in children or the elderly who do not have access to adequate amounts of nutrients.

Marasmus manifests itself as a state of deterioration characterized by an important weight loss, loss of muscle mass and body fat, extreme thinness and lack of energy.

Unlike cachexia, this situation is still reversible.

In developing countries, marasmus is the most widespread form of protein-energy malnutrition in children; it is associated with early interruption of breastfeeding and an increase in infections, especially those that lead to acute gastroenteritis.

Infantile marasmus related to poor hygiene and food conditions can lead to growth disorders, vitamin deficiencies and mental retardation.

In developed countries, marasmus is more widespread among hospitalized seniors (with problems in taking food or taking certain drugs) and among patients with diseases that reduce appetite or compromise digestion, absorption or metabolism of nutrients.

Among the disorders that are involved in the etiology are some types of cancer, inflammatory or degenerative brain lesions and pancreatic, renal and cardiac insufficiency.

Marasmus can also be caused by conditions that increase metabolic demands, such as infectious diseases (including tuberculosis and malaria), burns, trauma, surgery, pheochromocytoma, diabetes, hyperthyroidism and other endocrine disorders.

In the elderly, a frequent cause of marasmus is depression.

This form of malnutrition can also result from fasting or eating disorders (anorexia nervosa).