Manganese in brief: summary scheme

Scroll down the page to read the summary table on manganese

Manganese and medicine	1774 → discovery of manganese Manganese began to be used in medicine only in the first decade of the twentieth century
Manganese: general information	Chemical symbol in the periodic table: Mn Atomic number: 25 Essential element in every animal species Involved in many enzymatic processes Activator of numerous enzymes One of the most abundant trace elements in the soil Main forms: MnO ₂ and MnCO ₃ Oxidation states: between +1 and +7 Gray-white metal, hard, brittle and easily oxidizable
Manganese and enzymes	Superoxide-dismutase → antiradicalic co-factor It is able to activate the enzyme arginase → nitrogen metabolism Involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA → cofactor of DNA-synthetase and RNA-synthetase Activates pyruvate-carboxylase → gluconeogenesis
Manganese and biological role	Manganese actively participates in numerous biological mechanisms: coagulation thyroid activity fertility: manganese deficiency could trigger a decrease in fertility immune system: promotion of the synthesis of some antibodies cholesterol glycemia bone formation: manganese deficiency in pregnant women could generate bone deformities in the unborn child positive feedback for the prophylaxis of some diseases: epilepsy, neurological deficits, diabetes mellitus, growth retardation, ulcers, renal failure, infarction (in particular of the myocardium)
Manganese: fields of application	Manganese: It is essential for the production of steel and iron → deoxygenated, binding and exfoliating properties Participates in aluminum, copper, titanium and stainless steel alloys It is used for glass discoloration It forms a brown pigment, used for natural lands or paints The potassium permanganate KMnO ₄ is used as a disinfectant It is used in water purification and odor control Become part of the formulation of numerous agricultural fungicides Useful for the production of dry → depolarizing batteries
Manganese deficiency symptoms	Manganese deficiency in animals: sterility, testicular atrophy, growth block, ataxia, symptoms comparable to multiple sclerosis, pancreatic deficits and asthenia. Human deficiency: less severe symptoms → myasthenia gravis, ataxia, damage to the reproductive system, growth retardation, alteration of fat and carbohydrate metabolism with diabetes and hypercholestrolemia
Manganese toxicity	Chronic manganese poisoning → following prolonged exposure to manganese fumes / dust (problem for miners and metalworkers) Damage: involves CNS → possible permanent damage Manganese madness: hallucinations, tendency to violence, irritability Other symptoms of poisoning: weakness, leg cramps, drowsiness, paralysis, languor, impotence, emotional disturbances and irritability. manganese is included in the list of toxic and dangerous substances, prepared by OSHA
Manganese and dosages	Minimum daily requirement: 0.74 mg / day RDA: 2-4 mg Elimination of manganese: bile duct
Manganese source foods	Tea 133 mg Ginger 33.3 mg Cloves 30 mg Saffron 28.4 mg Mint (dried drug) 11.4 mg
Manganese: interactions	Iron, calcium and phosphorus can limit the absorption of manganese Hypertension: reduces the absorption of manganese Contraceptive pill: reduces the absorption of manganese