Category pharmacognosy

Another method to recover contaminated drugs, as an alternative to ethylene oxide, is based on using rather low temperatures, up to 10.15%, 20 ° C below zero, for a period of a few days. Although this treatment can eliminate most insects (larvae) and pests, it makes the drug poorer than its original function.

SOME PLANTS IMPORTED FROM THE AMERICAS TO EUROPE TURKISH WHEAT: Zea mays , fam. grasses; very important product for food, therapy (absorbent properties), pharmacotechnical (starch used as excipient) and cosmetic. POTATO: Solanum tuberosum ; MANIOCA: Manihot very useful ; PEANUT: Arachis hypogea , fam

The pressing method is a method associated exclusively with citrus-based drugs, namely bitter orange, bergamot, mandarin, lemon and cedar; the essential oil is obtained from the pressing of the fruit exocarp, characterized by the presence of schizolysine pockets containing terpenic substances, which, extracted by pressing, give the essential oil

As an example of bulbous drugs we can consider Scilla , a cardioactive drug characterized by active principles (bufadienolides and cardienolides) that can be encoded with specific reagents. The onion is a bulb drug characterized by active sulfur principles, with expectorant power, while garlic, of the same family, has antihypertensive power

Key points of a correct extraction: knowledge of the active principle to be extracted, choice of solvent, state of the drug (fresh or dried), extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction method. But ultimately, why do we extract it? 1) To carry out a check in terms of quality and quantity of an active substance contained in a given drug; 2) To obtain a preparation to be used in the formulation of herbal, cosmetic or diet products

Distillation : extremely versatile method, used for extraction and purification processes, which consists of the combination of two extractive variables: pressure and temperature. The distiller is a closed system and includes three different sections: a first one, where there is a container with the drug and the solvent; it is heated until the solvent evaporates, which by chemical affinity carries the active principle with it, extracting it; a second, consisting of a condensation zone in which the temperature is much lower; consequently, the energy of the system is lowered and the evaporated ac

Enfleurage : craftsmanship, used by the perfume industry to obtain essential oils and essences from flowers. Extraction with supercritical fluids : generally, to extract from low polar compound drugs, supercritical carbon dioxide is used, to which other solvents are sometimes added to modify the extraction capacity of the system for the better

Carbohydrates are primary metabolites, although in this case they represent the active principles of the drug. Agar Drug characterized by heteropolysacarid, obtained from algae belonging to the genus Gelidium, Condrus, Caraghein (marine algae grown on the coasts of the Atlantic ocean, Portugal, France, Ireland and the coasts of Japan)

Glycosides are active ingredients characterized by a sugary part associated with a heterogeneous molecule, called aglycone; it is an extremely varied category, classifiable on the basis of the chemical nature of the aglicone. The extraction from glycosidic drugs, applied differently depending on the more or less polar properties of the aglycone, can be schematized in the following phases: 1: percolation or maceration in aqueous or hydroalcoholic solution (generally it is assumed that a molecule with a sugar component is soluble in water); 2: more specific and variable extraction mode based on t

Coffee : a very widespread alkaloid drug, not only for the drinks it is widely used, but also for the active ingredient that characterizes it, that is caffeine, widely used in the herbal, cosmetic and dietetic fields. Caffeine is contained in many products for the treatment of cellulite and weight loss, thanks to its thermogenic properties, which act on the metabolism of fat, and diuretic